ABSTRACT
We studied the peptide-degrading anaerobic communities of methanogenic reactors from two mesophilic full-scale modified upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors treating brewery wastewater in Colombia. Most probable number (MPN) counts varied between 7.1 x 10(8) and 6.6 x 10(9) bacteria/g volatile suspended solids VSS (Methanogenic Reactor 1) and 7.2 x 10(6) and 6.4 x 10(7) bacteria/g (VSS) (Methanogenic Reactor 2). Metabolites detected in the highest positive MPN dilutions in both reactors were mostly acetate, propionate, isovalerate and, in some cases, negligible concentrations of butyrate. Using the highest positive dilutions of MPN counts, 50 dominant strains were isolated from both reactors, and 12 strains were selected for sequencing their 16S rRNA gene based on their phenotypic characteristics. The small-subunit rRNA gene sequences indicated that these strains were affiliated to the families Propionibacteriaceae, Clostridiaceae and Syntrophomonadaceae in the low G + C gram-positive group and Desulfovibrio spp. in the class d-Proteobacteria. The main metabolites detected in the highest positive dilutions of MPN and the presence of Syntrophomonadaceae indicate the effect of the syntrophic associations on the bioconversion of these substrates in methanogenic reactors. Additionally, the potential utilization of external electron acceptors for the complete degradation of amino acids by Clostridium strains confirms the relevance of these acceptors in the transformation of peptides and amino acids in these systems.
Subject(s)
Wastewater , Base Sequence , Gram-Negative Anaerobic Bacteria/genetics , Gram-Negative Anaerobic Bacteria/isolation & purification , Peptides/analysis , Peptides/genetics , RNA Stability , RNA, Bacterial , Sequential Biological Reactors , Metabolism , Methods , Methods , VirulenceSubject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Age Distribution , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , India/epidemiology , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Leptospira/drug effects , Leptospirosis/drug therapy , Male , Middle Aged , Mortality/trends , Seasons , Sex DistributionABSTRACT
The present investigation was undertaken to study the effects of chronic oral ramipril (1 mg/kg) treatment in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Single tail vein injection of STZ (45 mg/kg, i.v.) produced a diabetic state exhibiting all the cardinal symptoms such as loss of body weight, polydipsia, polyuria, glucosuria, polyphagia, hypoinsulinaemia and hyperglycaemia. The diabetic state was also found to be associated with bradycardia, hypothyroidism, cardiac depression and cardiomyopathy. Ramipril treatment prevented STZ-induced hypertension, bradycardia, hypothyroidism, hyperchosesterolaemia and partially the cardiomayopathy. Ramipril treatment could not, however prevent STZ-induced loss of body weight, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, hyperglycaemia, hypoinsulinaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia and cardiac depression. Our data suggests that ramipril has a few beneficial effects in the STZ-treated diabetic rats.